report format

1. Introduction 3
2. Learning Process 4
2.1. Increase Knowledge 4
2.1.1. Make a note for something 4
2.1.2. High light in a textbook 4
2.1.3. Listening something or read it, 4
2.2. Memorising and reproducing 4
2.2.1. Make a list of similar things 4
2.2.2. Say it or write it over and over; 4
2.2.3. Test yourself/by someone else test you 4
2.3. Applying 5
2.3.1. Practice applying it, initially in simple way 5
2.3.2. Looks for example 5
2.3.3. Work on project that requires this new knowledge 5
2.3.4. Use formulae to solve problems or do calculation 5
2.3.5. Practice using the knowledge in short answers or essay 5
2.4. Understading 5
2.4.1. Think about new knowledge 5
2.4.2. Consider how the new knowledge relates to what you know 5
2.4.3. Write about it in your own word to clarify it for yourself 5
2.4.4. Break it into parts and work out the part connected with each other 6
2.4.5. Talk about it 6
2.4.6. Draw a concept map or mind map or other diagram connecting it with other 6
2.5. Seeing something in a different way 6
2.5.1. Diagram connecting it with other related knowledge engage in debates 6
2.5.2. Look for ideas and information that might show it wrong or inadequate 6
2.5.3. Think actively about the implications in relation to your own experience. 6
2.6. Changing as a person 6
2.6.1. Find out about what this means for others 7
2.6.2. Consider whether this makes a difference 7
2.6.3. Look for how this changes other things you know 7
2.6.4. Change your ways of behaving / or understanding because of what you know see your self and your relationship to other differently. 7
3. Conclusion 8
4. References 9
5. 10

ken choi blog dash board

http://www.blogger.com/home

chapter 9 text book 공부

1. Introduction 3

11주에 시험을 보는데. 20퍼센트 이것을 제대로 하려면
공부를 조금 해와야 하는데.
9장에서 뭔가가 나온다면 이것을 조금 공부를 해야한다,
그냥 암기하는것에서 벗어나서, QIBT에서 배운 LEARNING PROCESS를
사용해서 심도 있게 공부를 해보자.
Thesauri, Controlled Vocaularies, and metadata.

what is Thesauri?

what is Controlled vocabularies?

what is metadata?




2. Learning Process 4


2.1. Increase Knowledge 4

뭔가를좀 알아야 하지 않는가. 그래야 지 시작을하지.

시작은


2.1.1. Make a note for something 4

노트를 만들자.

Chapter 9. Thesauri, Controlled Vocabularies, and Metadata What we'll cover: Definitions of metadata and controlled vocabularies Overview of synonym rings, authority files, classification schemes, and thesauri Hierarchical, equivalence, and associative relationships Faceted classification and guided navigation A web site is a collection of interconnected systems with complex dependencies. A single link on a page can simultaneously be part of the site's structure, organization, labeling, navigation, and searching systems. It's useful to study these systems independently, but it's also crucial to consider how they interact. Reductionism will not tell us the whole truth. Metadata and controlled vocabularies present a fascinating lens through which we can view the network of relationships between systems. In many large metadata-driven web sites, controlled vocabularies have become the glue that holds the systems together. A thesaurus on the back end can enable a more seamless and satisfying user experience on the front end. In addition, the practice of thesaurus design can help bridge the gap between past and present. The first thesauri were developed for libraries, museums, and government agencies long before the invention of the World Wide Web. As information architects we can draw upon these decades of experience, but we can't copy indiscriminately. The web sites and intranets we design present new challenges and demand creative solutions. But we're getting ahead of ourselves. Let's begin by defining some basic terms and concepts. Then we can work back toward the big picture

9.1. Metadata When it comes to definitions, metadata is a slippery fish. Describing it as "data about data" isn't very helpful. The following excerpt from Dictionary.com takes us a little further: In data processing, meta-data is definitional data that provides information about or documentation of other data managed within an application or environment. For example, meta-data would document data about data elements or attributes (name, size, data type, etc.) and data about records or data structures (length, fields, columns, etc.) and data about data (where it is located, how it is associated, ownership, etc.). Meta-data may include descriptive information about the context, quality and condition, or characteristics of the data. While these tautological explanations could lead us into the realms of epistemology and metaphysics, we won't go there. Instead, let's focus on the role that metadata plays in the practical realm of information architecture. Metadata tags are used to describe documents, pages, images, software, video and audio files, and other content objects for the purposes of improved navigation and retrieval. The HTML keyword meta tag used by many web sites provides a simple example. Authors can freely enter words and phrases that describe the content. These keywords are not displayed in the interface but are available for use by search engines. Many companies today are using metadata in more sophisticated ways. Leveraging content management software and controlled vocabularies, they create dynamic metadata-driven web sites that support distributed authoring and powerful navigation. This metadata-driven model represents a profound change in how web sites are created and managed. Instead of asking, "Where do I place this document in the taxonomy?" we can now ask, "How do I describe this document?" The software and vocabulary systems take care of the rest.

9.2. Controlled Vocabularies Vocabulary control comes in many shapes and sizes. At its most vague, a controlled vocabulary is any defined subset of natural language. At its simplest, a controlled vocabulary is a list of equivalent terms in the form of a synonym ring, or a list of preferred terms in the form of an authority file. Define hierarchical relationships between terms (e.g., broader, narrower) and you've got a classification scheme. Model associative relationships between concepts (e.g., see also, see related) and you're working on a thesaurus. Figure 9-1 illustrates the relationships between different types of controlled vocabularies. Figure 9-1. Types of controlled vocabularies Since a full-blown thesaurus integrates all the relationships and capabilities of the simpler forms, let's explore each of these building blocks before taking a close look at the "Swiss Army Knife" of controlled vocabularies. 9.2.1. Synonym Rings A synonym ring (see Figure 9-2) connects a set of words that are defined as equivalent for the purposes of retrieval. In practice, these words are often not true synonyms. For example, imagine you're redesigning a consumer portal that provides ratings information about household products from several companies. Figure 9-2. A synonym ring When you examine the search logs and talk with users, you're likely to find that different people looking for the same thing are entering different terms. Someone who's buying a food processor may enter "blender" or one of several product names (or their common misspellings). Take a look at the content, and you're likely to find many of these same variations. There may be no preferred terms, or at least no good reason to define them. Instead, you can use the out-of-the-box capabilities of a search engine to build synonym rings. This can be as simple as entering sets of equivalent words into a text file. When a user enters a word into the search engine, that word is checked against the text file. If the word is found, then the query is "exploded" to include all of the equivalent words. For example, in Boolean logic: (kitchenaid) becomes (kitchenaid or "kitchen aid" or blender or "food processor" or cuisinart or cuizinart) What happens when you don't use synonym rings? Consider Figure 9-3, which shows the results of a search for "pocketpc." Pretty discouraging, huh? Looks like we might have to look elsewhere. But look what happens when we put a space between "pocket" and "pc" (Figure 9-4). Figure 9-3. Results of a search at Computershopper Figure 9-4. Another search on the same site Suddenly, the site has oodles of information about the Pocket PC. A simple synonym ring linking "pocketpc" and "pocket pc" would solve what is a common and serious problem from both user and business perspectives. However, synonym rings can also introduce new problems. If the query term expansion operates behind the scenes, users can be confused by results that don't actually include their keywords. In addition, the use of synonym rings may result in less relevant results. This brings us back to the subject of precision and recall. As you may recall from Chapter 8, precision refers to the relevance of documents within a given result set. To request high precision, you might say, "Show me only the relevant documents." Recall refers to the proportion of relevant documents in the result set compared to all the relevant documents in the system. To request high recall, you might say, "Show me all the relevant documents." Figure 9-5 shows the mathematics behind precision and recall ratios. Figure 9-5. Precision and recall ratios While both high precision and high recall may be ideal, it's generally understood in the information retrieval field that you usually increase one at the expense of the other. This has important implications for the use of controlled vocabularies. As you might guess, synonym rings can dramatically improve recall. In one study conducted at Bellcore in the 1980s,[*] the use of synonym rings (they called it "unlimited aliasing") within a small test database increased recall from 20 to 80 percent. However, synonym rings can also reduce precision. Good interface design and an understanding of user goals can help strike the right balance. For example, you might use synonym rings by default but order the exact keyword matches at the top of the search results list. Or, you might ignore synonym rings for initial searches but provide the option to "expand your search to include related terms" if there were few or no results. [*] The Trouble with Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity, by Thomas K. Landauer (MIT Press). In summary, synonym rings are a simple, useful form of vocabulary control. There is really no excuse for the conspicuous absence of this basic capability on many of today's largest web sites. 9.2.2. Authority Files Strictly defined, an authority file is a list of preferred terms or acceptable values. It does not include variants or synonyms. Authority files have traditionally been used largely by libraries and government agencies to define the proper names for a set of entities within a limited domain. As shown in Figure 9-6, the Utah State Archives & Records Service has published a listing of the authoritative names of public institutions in the state of Utah. This is primarily useful from content authoring and indexing perspectives. Authors and indexers can use this authority file as the source for their terms, ensuring accuracy and consistency. Figure 9-6. An authority file In practice, authority files are commonly inclusive of both preferred and variant terms. In other words, authority files are synonym rings in which one term has been defined as the preferred term or acceptable value. The two-letter codes that constitute the standard abbreviations for U.S. states as defined by the U.S. Postal Service provide an instructive example. Using the purist definition, the authority file includes only the acceptable codes: AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, PR, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY. However, to make this list useful in most scenarios, it's necessary to include, at a minimum, a mapping to the names of states: AL Alabama AK Alaska AZ Arizona AR Arkansas CA California CO Colorado CT Connecticut . . . To make this list even more useful in an online context, it may be helpful to include common variants beyond the official state name: CT Connecticut, Conn, Conneticut, Constitution State At this point, we run into some important questions about the use and value of authority files in the online environment. Since users can perform keyword searches that map many terms onto one concept, do we really need to define preferred terms, or can synonym rings handle things just fine by themselves? Why take that extra step to distinguish CT as the acceptable value? First, there are a couple of backend reasons. An authority file can be a useful tool for content authors and indexers, enabling them to use the approved terms efficiently and consistently. Also, from a controlled vocabulary management perspective, the preferred term can serve as the unique identifier for each collection of equivalent terms, allowing for more efficient addition, deletion, and modification of variant terms. There are also a number of ways that the selection of preferred terms can benefit the user. Consider Figure 9-7, where Drugstore.com is providing a mapping between the equivalent term "tilenol" and the authoritative brand name, "Tylenol." By showing users the preferred terms, you can educate them. In some cases, you'll be helping them to correct a misspelling. In others, you may be explaining industry terminology or building brand recognition. Figure 9-7. Mapping between equivalent terms These "lessons" may be useful in very different contexts, perhaps during the next telephone conversation or in-store interaction a customer has with your organization. It's an opportunity to nudge everyone toward speaking the same language, without assuming or requiring such conformity within the search system. In effect, the search experience can be similar to an interaction with a sales professional, who understands the language of the customer and translates it back to the customer using the company or industry terminology. Preferred terms are also important as the user switches from searching to browsing mode. When designing taxonomies, navigation bars, and indexes, it would be messy and overwhelming to present all of the synonyms, abbreviations, acronyms, and common misspellings for every term. At Drugstore.com, only the brand names are included in the index (see Figure 9-8); equivalent terms like "tilenol" don't show up. This keeps the index relatively short and uncluttered, and in this example, reinforces the brand names. However, a trade-off is involved. In cases where the equivalent terms begin with different letters (e.g., aspirin and Bayer), there is value in creating pointers: Aspirin see Bayer Figure 9-8. Brand index at Drugstore.com Otherwise, when users look in the index under A for aspirin, they won't find Bayer. The use of pointers is called term rotation. Drugstore.com doesn't do it at all. To see a good example of term rotation used in an index to guide users from variant to preferred terms, we'll switch to the financial services industry. In Figure 9-9, users looking for "before-tax contributions" are guided to the preferred term "pretax contributions." Such integration of the entry vocabulary can dramatically enhance the usefulness of the site index. However, it needs to be done selectively; otherwise, the index can become too long, harming overall usability. Once again, a careful balancing act is involved that requires research and good judgment. Figure 9-9. A site index with term rotation 9.2.3. Classification Schemes We use classification scheme to mean a hierarchical arrangement of preferred terms. These days, many people prefer to use taxonomy instead. Either way, it's important to recognize that these hierarchies can take different shapes and serve multiple purposes, including: A frontend, browsable Yahoo-like hierarchy that's a visible, integral part of the user interface A backend tool used by information architects, authors, and indexers for organizing and tagging documents Consider, for example, the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). First published in 1876, the DDC is now "the most widely used classification scheme in the world. Libraries in more than 135 countries use the DDC to organize and provide access to their collections."[] In its purest form, the DDC is a hierarchical listing that begins with 10 top-level categories and drills down into great detail within each. [] From OCLC's Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification at http://www.oclc.org/dewey/about/about_the_ddc.htm. 000 Computers, information, & general reference 100 Philosophy & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Science 600 Technology 700 Arts & recreation 800 Literature 900 History & geography For better or worse, the DDC finds its way into all sorts of interface displays. As Figure 9-10 shows, the National Library of Canada uses it as a browsable hierarchy. Figure 9-10. The Dewey Decimal Classification in action Classification schemes can also be used in the context of searching. Yahoo! does this very effectively. You can see in Figure 9-11 that Yahoo!'s search results present "Category Matches," which reinforces users' familiarity with Yahoo!'s classification scheme. Figure 9-11. Category Matches at Yahoo! The important point here is that classification schemes are not tied to a single view or instance. They can be used on both the back end and the front end in all sorts of ways. We'll explore types of classification schemes in more detail later in this chapter, but first let's take a look at the "Swiss Army Knife" of vocabulary control, the thesaurus. 9.2.4. Thesauri Dictionary.com defines thesaurus as a "book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and antonyms." This usage hearkens back to our high school English classes, when we chose big words from the thesaurus to impress our teachers. Our species of thesaurus, the one integrated within a web site or intranet to improve navigation and retrieval, shares a common heritage with the familiar reference text but has a different form and function. Like the reference book, our thesaurus is a semantic network of concepts, connecting words to their synonyms, homonyms, antonyms, broader and narrower terms, and related terms. However, our thesaurus takes the form of an online database, tightly integrated with the user interface of a web site or intranet. And though the traditional thesaurus helps people go from one word to many words, our thesaurus does the opposite. Its most important goal is synonym managementthe mapping of many synonyms or word variants onto one preferred term or conceptso the ambiguities of language don't prevent people from finding what they need. So, for the purposes of this book, a thesaurus is: A controlled vocabulary in which equivalence, hierarchical, and associative relationships are identified for purposes of improved retrieval.[] [] Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri. ANSI/NISO Z39.191993 (R1998). A thesaurus builds upon the constructs of the simpler controlled vocabularies, modeling these three fundamental types of semantic relationships. As you can see from Figure 9-12, each preferred term becomes the center of its own semantic network. The equivalence relationship is focused on synonym management. The hierarchical relationship enables the classification of preferred terms into categories and subcategories. The associative relationship provides for meaningful connections that aren't handled by the hierarchical or equivalence relationships. All three relationships can be useful in different ways for the purposes of information retrieval and navigation. Figure 9-12. Semantic relationships in a thesaurus

Thesauri.

as a "book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and antonyms"

This usage breaken back to our high school english classes, when we chose big words from the thesaurus to impress our teachers.
\

Thesaurus is semantic network of concepts, connecting words to their synonyms,
homonyms, and antonyms, broader and narrower term and related term.

Our thesaurus takes the form of an online deatabase, tightly integrated with the user interface

of a web sit or intranet.

Traditional thesaurus helps people go from one worde to many words.

our thesaurus does the opposite


our thesaurus does the opposite. Its most important goal is synonym managementthe mapping of many synonyms or word variants onto one preferred term or conceptso the ambiguities of language don't prevent people from finding what they need.

So, for the purposes of this book, a thesaurus is:

A controlled vocabulary in which equivalence, hierarchical, and associative relationships are identified for purposes of improved retrieval.

thesaurus builds upon the constructs of the simpler controlled vocabularies, modeling these three fundamental types of semantic relationships.

The equivalence relationship is focused on synonym management.

hierarchical relationship enables the classification of preferred terms into categories and subcategories.

The associative relationship provides for meaningful connections that aren't handled by the hierarchical or equivalence relationships. All three relationships can be useful in different ways for the purposes of information retrieval and navigation.

NEXT

Technical Lingo

If you're working with controlled vocabularies and thesauri, it's useful to know the core terminology used by experts in the field to communicate definitions and relationships. This specialized technical language can provide efficiency and specificity when communicating among experts. Just don't expect your users to recognize these terms. In the web environment, you can't require that users take a library science class before they use your information system.

Preferred Term (PT)

Also known as the accepted term, acceptable value, subject heading, or descriptor. All relationships are defined with respect to the Preferred Term.

Variant Term (VT)

Also known as entry terms or non-preferred terms, Variant Terms have been defined as equivalent to or loosely synonymous with the Preferred Term.

Broader Term (BT)

The Broader Term is the parent of the Preferred Term. It's one level higher in the hierarchy.

Narrower Term (NT)

A Narrower Term is a child of the Preferred Term. It's one level lower in the hierarchy.

Related Term (RT)

The Related Term is connected to the Preferred Term through the associative relationship. The relationship is often articulated through use of See Also. For example, Tylenol See Also Headache.

Use (U)

Traditional thesauri often employ the following syntax as a tool for indexers and users: Variant Term Use Preferred Term. For example, Tilenol Use Tylenol. Many people are more familiar with See, as in Tilenol See Tylenol.

Used For (UF)

This indicates the reciprocal relationship of Preferred Term UF Variant Term(s). It's used to show the full list of variants on the Preferred Term's record. For example, Tylenol UF Tilenol.

Scope Note (SN)

The Scope Note is essentially a specific type of definition of the Preferred Term, used to deliberately restrict the meaning of that term in order to rule out ambiguity as much as possible.

As we've seen, the preferred term is the center of its own semantic universe. Of course, a preferred term in one display is likely to be a broader, narrower, related, or even variant term in another display (see Figure 9-13).

The truth is that there aren't any "right" answers to these questions, and there's no "right" way to design a thesaurus. There will always be a strong element of professional judgment informed by research. We'll come back to these questions and provide some guidelines for constructing "good" answers, but first let's check out a real thesaurus on the Web.

NEXT

A THESAURUS IN ACTION

not many teams have had the knowledge or support to make this significant investment

Another barrier to finding good examples is that it's often not obvious when a site is using a thesaurus.

enables us to navigate by browsing the hierarchical classification schemes within the thesaurus or by searching.

variant term was mapped to the preferred term behind the scenes.

leverages the hierarchical classification scheme and subject headings to provide powerful options for searching and browsing, allowing users to iteratively refine their queries. This surely could be a useful enhancement to PubMed.

One of the advantages to using a thesaurus is that you have tremendous power and flexibility to shape and refine the user interface over time. You can't take advantage of all the capabilities at once, but you can user-test different features, learning and adjusting as you go.

NEXT .9.5

TYPE OF THESAURI

Should you decide to build a thesaurus for your web site, you'll need to choose from among three types: a classic thesaurus, an indexing thesaurus, and a searching thesaurus (Figure 9-20). This decision should be based on how you intend to use the thesaurus, and it will have major implications for design.

classic Thesaurus

used at the point of indexing and at the point of searching. Indexers use the thesaurus to map variant terms to preferred terms when performing document-level indexing.

Searchers use the thesaurus for retrieval, whether or not they're aware of the role it plays in their search experience

2.1.2. High light in a textbook 4


Thesauri.

as a "book of synonyms, often including related and constrasting words and antonyms"

This usage breaken back to our high school english classes, when we chose big words from the thesaurus to impress our teachers.


2.1.3. Listening something or read it, 4




2.2. Memorising and reproducing 4
2.2.1. Make a list of similar things 4

TYPES OF THESAURI

• NO THESAURUS
• INDEXING THESAURUS
• SEARCHING THESAURUS
• CLASSIC THESAURUS

2.2.2. Say it or write it over and over; 4
2.2.3. Test yourself/by someone else test you 4


Q. What is the Thesauri? list the Thesauri. (4 marks)

2.3. Applying 5
2.3.1. Practice applying it, initially in simple way 5
2.3.2. Looks for example 5
2.3.3. Work on project that requires this new knowledge 5
2.3.4. Use formulae to solve problems or do calculation 5
2.3.5. Practice using the knowledge in short answers or essay 5
2.4. Understading 5
2.4.1. Think about new knowledge 5
2.4.2. Consider how the new knowledge relates to what you know 5
2.4.3. Write about it in your own word to clarify it for yourself 5
2.4.4. Break it into parts and work out the part connected with each other 6
2.4.5. Talk about it 6
2.4.6. Draw a concept map or mind map or other diagram connecting it with other 6
2.5. Seeing something in a different way 6
2.5.1. Diagram connecting it with other related knowledge engage in debates 6
2.5.2. Look for ideas and information that might show it wrong or inadequate 6
2.5.3. Think actively about the implications in relation to your own experience. 6
2.6. Changing as a person 6
2.6.1. Find out about what this means for others 7
2.6.2. Consider whether this makes a difference 7
2.6.3. Look for how this changes other things you know 7
2.6.4. Change your ways of behaving / or understanding because of what you know see your self and your relationship to other differently. 7
3. Conclusion 8
4. References 9
5. 10

week 11 quiz 20%

Fri, Sep 24, 2010 -- Week 11 Quiz (20%) Scope

Week 11 Quiz Scope:

*
Lecture: Week 6,7,8,9
*
Tutorial: Week 8,9,10
*
Textbook: Chapter 6, 7 and 9
*
Two Tagging System related papers

Quiz Rules:

1. This is an open book test. You are allowed to use text book or ebook and lecture notes only.
2. There are 20 True/False, 16 Multiple Choice, and 1 matching (with 4 term definition) questions. (0.5 mark each)
3. You have 1 hr and 45 mins to complete the quiz.
4. You are not allowed to communicate with other people in anyway (talking, messaging, email, etc.) during the test.
5. Please place your student ID on the table during the test.
6. Mobile phones must be switched off and placed in your bag.
7. You must not open any other application, website or window except L@G and ebook.
8. You must not copy, print or email these quiz questions and answers to yourself or anyone.


Failure to abide by these rules may result in a zero grade being awarded and the student may be reported to the Academic Misconduct Board.
Posted by: Veronica Su

week 11 quiz 20%

Fri, Sep 24, 2010 -- Week 11 Quiz (20%) Scope

Week 11 Quiz Scope:

*
Lecture: Week 6,7,8,9
*
Tutorial: Week 8,9,10
*
Textbook: Chapter 6, 7 and 9
*
Two Tagging System related papers

Quiz Rules:

1. This is an open book test. You are allowed to use text book or ebook and lecture notes only.
2. There are 20 True/False, 16 Multiple Choice, and 1 matching (with 4 term definition) questions. (0.5 mark each)
3. You have 1 hr and 45 mins to complete the quiz.
4. You are not allowed to communicate with other people in anyway (talking, messaging, email, etc.) during the test.
5. Please place your student ID on the table during the test.
6. Mobile phones must be switched off and placed in your bag.
7. You must not open any other application, website or window except L@G and ebook.
8. You must not copy, print or email these quiz questions and answers to yourself or anyone.


Failure to abide by these rules may result in a zero grade being awarded and the student may be reported to the Academic Misconduct Board.
Posted by: Veronica Su

Tag.Book.

http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QKBlAcdkMwsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=People-powered+Metadata+for+the+social+web&ots=HqXKH9R5M9&sig=mrPa9u3YpcxR0DYJX_EGLoSBEDE#v=onepage&q&f=false

Tagging: People-powered metadata for the social web



Another innovative use of tagging comes from weable. a persona finance web site.
where you can tag your financial transactions. Wesabe analyzes tagging patterns
fo come up with recommendation fro merchants. Thus,if you made a purchase at
starbucks, you might see the "coffee" aor "food" as suggestions based on the tags of
other Wesabe users.

Blogging tools suchas WordPress use tags so users have aquick and easy
way to categorize their posts. These tags are picked up by blog aggregators such as
Technorati, whichuses them to discover trends across the blogosphere. At the end of
the book you will find case studie on three kinds of tagging systems: social bookmarking,
personal information management, and media sharing.

Three Perspective on Tagging

Tagging sits at the intersection of three established fields

Information architecture
Social software
Personal information management(PIM)


Like many other disciplines, these three have their frames ofreference through which they view the world.



1) Information Architecture

"the structural design of shared information environments" and "the art and scient of organizing and labeling websites, intranets, online communicaties, and software to support usablitity and finablity.

Information archiectures have focused on using controlled vocabularies, search-and -browse systems, and consistent navigation schemes to achieve this success.

2) Social Software

Social software has a vriety of definitions, ranging from the clincial
("software that enables people to connect through computer-mediated communication")
to the pragmatic("stuff that gets spammed)

As application that people use to communiacate, collaborate, and share online.

It is interested in facilitating group interaction within the system.
They often delight in unanticpiated uses of social application.
of course, it is important for peple to able to find and use information in social software
system too).

3)PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

"refer to both the practice and the study of the activites people perform in order to acquire,
organize, maintaink, retrieve, and use information items such as documents(paper-based and digitial). Web pages, and e-mail messages for everyday used to complete tasks(work-related and not) and fullfill a person's various roles(as parent, employee,friend, member of community,etc)"

In the world of PIM, what's good is what works for you. There are popular computer programs for managing information and methods for keeping yourself on track. These systems help you file, track, and find your information when you need it.


Why Tagging Matters

Humans are organizing machines. our earliest forms of writing were metadata accounts of livestock, stored food, tributes, and other goods etched onto clay tablets.

And since then we've been grouping, sorting, tracking ,and organizing just about everythign we encounter.

crawled, indexed,and organized by search engine.



1. What is Tagging?
2. The value of Tagging
3. Tagging System Archiecture
4. Tags Metadata and clas
5. Navigation and visuali
6. Interfaces
7. Technical Design

Case Study Social Bookmarking



Page 19.

It is Flexible

Over time all communities develop their own vocaularies to describe their members,
their concerns, and their activities


Photo-tags:eBay's Auction Acronyms

.NWT(New with tags) is mainly used for clothing auctions to indicate the garment
has its original tags.

VHTF(very hared to find): help you understanad how rae collectibles are.

NRFB(never removed from box): tell you that the original packaging is intact.

MIJ (made in Japan) tell you the country of originm which is helpful for titmes such as electroinc


Summary:

Tagging is when users apply keword metadata-or tags to resources sucha s
photos or web pages within a system.

Tagging sits at the intersection of three important fields:

information archiecture, social software, and personal information manamgent.

Recent debates on tagging illustrate the tension points in most tagging systems-
personal verusus social uses, individual versus standard tags, freedom versus control,
and amateur opinions versus those of experts.

Tagging matters because it's popular , multifaced, flexible, and social
It's also made for the stream- the constant flow of information we experience online.

What isThesaurus Standar?.

What is the Thesaurus Standard?

( )

These are guidlines for thesaurus compilers compiler being an actual human,
not a program.

what is advantages to staying close to the standard?

*These's good thinking and intelligence backed into these guidelin

refer: 9-6


What is the Semantic Relationship?

What is the three subtypes of hierachical relationship:

G_________

W__________

I___________


Why card-sorting methodologies can help develper being to shape their
herachiea based?